高速铁路安全文化理论体系研究

高速铁路安全文化建设是实现高速铁路系统安全的必由之路。为了进一步明确安全文化在高速铁路运营安全保障中的作用,厘清高速铁路安全文化建设的思路与途径,在深入剖析安全文化建设的必要性的基础上,研究安全文化建设的发展阶段,明确每个阶段的划分依据与特点,探讨高速铁路安全文化体系与技术体系、管理体系的关系,对高速铁路安全文化建设要点进行探究,并从高速铁路安全文化基础理论、高速铁路安全文化专业理论、高速铁路安全文化应用理论3个层面对高速铁路安全文化理论体系进行分析,为高速铁路安全文化建设和水平测度提供理论基础。     

加征关税如何影响美国贸易逆差及全球福利——基于美元本位下两国动态一般均衡框架的分析

本文构建了一个包含美元本位特征的两国模型,在此基础上分析了美国加征关税及引发的贸易摩擦对美国贸易逆差和全球福利的影响,并详细探讨了相关传导机制。在基准模型设定下,美国单方面加征20%关税会使得美国贸易逆差占GDP比重小幅缩小约0.40个百分点,美国长期稳态GDP下降约2.50%,其他国家GDP下降约1.10%,美国居民福利上升约0.60%,其他国家居民福利下降约1.20%。美国单方面加征关税在抑制全球贸易和生产的同时,会通过更加不公平的国际贸易恶化全球福利分配。当其他国家采取报复性措施时,其他国家自身福利并不会进一步恶化,但美国福利会大幅下滑,同时美国贸易逆差相对规模变化不大。贸易摩擦博弈的“囚徒困境”特征在一定程度上能够解释贸易战的发生。削弱美元本位地位能促进国际贸易公平性的提升,进而能减弱贸易摩擦带来的负面影响、提升全球福利水平,并能有效缩窄美国贸易逆差。     

能源回弹效应下高碳产业低碳转型过程中的技术突变性

考虑能源回弹效应下，分析高碳产业低碳技术突变技术门槛，发现技术碳减排存在由量变到质变的门槛效应，另外还发现能源回弹对门槛效应具有显著影响。运用Hansen门限面板模型、结合CD生产函数的能源回弹模型发现：①不考虑能源回弹效应，高碳产业低碳化过程中的技术突变存在两个门槛；②考虑能源回弹作用，将减少为一个门槛，并且将延长高碳产业完成低碳技术突变所需时间。因此，为加快高碳产业低碳技术突变，有效减少碳排放，一方面应缓解能源回弹效应的影响，对能源回弹效应较大的高碳产业采取实时监控，对能源回弹较小的高碳产业采取定期检查和不定期抽检方式监控；货币政策、财政政策和产业政策相互配合，在高碳产业拉动经济增长的同时，最大限度控制能源回弹效应。另一方面，市场手段和政府职能双管齐下，协助企业低碳技术升级和设备改造，优化税收结构，弥补低碳技术升级导致的负外部性，完善高碳产业转移或市场退出机制。     

Wage and price differences,technology gap and labor flow dynamics

The relationship between wage difference and relative employment is a very important issue in the field of economic structural change. An M-sector economic growth model is constructed in this paper to investigate the relationship between wage difference, price difference, technology gap, relative employment and sectoral dynamic change from the perspective of technologies. Labor flow is regarded as a decision-making behavior to maximize the benefits of economic agents. The benefits of labor flow mainly come from sectoral wage difference, and the costs of labor flow mainly come from the social resource expenditure during labor flow process. Our model illustrates that: (i) the relative employment is positively correlated with the real wage difference and technology gap; (ii) the sectoral dynamic changes coexist with the aggregate economic growth; (iii) increases in technology gap, and price and wage differences will stimulate labor migration, exacerbate the unbalanced growth of sectoral economies, and lead to faster and more effective aggregate economic growth.     

The evolving 5G case study in United States unilateral spectrum planning and policy

This paper tracks increasingly aggressive initiatives by the United States government to reallocate spectrum on an expedited and unilateral basis well before conclusion of inter-governmental coordination. Rather than embrace the customary commitment to achieve consensus on global spectrum allocations at the International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”), the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) has auctioned off large blocks of frequencies for the next generation (“5G”) of wireless services.The FCC might have framed its first 5G auction, reassigning Ultra High Frequency (“UHF”) spectrum, as a one-time deviation from compliance with long standing, intergovernmental coordination procedures. These frequencies have ideal signal propagation characteristics and the Commission could use financial incentives—unavailable in most nations—to expedite “repacking” by incumbent broadcasters willing to move, share or abandon spectrum in exchange for ample financial compensation. However, the FCC has continued to auction off 5G spectrum on grounds that it must find ways to abate an acute shortage of wireless bandwidth and doing so will regain or maintain global leadership in wireless technologies. This paper offers a critical rebuke to unilateral spectrum management, because the short-term benefits expected by the U. S. government likely will be offset by countervailing harms to 5G manufacturers, carriers and consumers. The paper tracks fractious preparation for the ITU's 2019 World Radio Conference by the U.S. delegation and the mixed record achieved there. Additionally, the paper explains how injecting trade, industrial policy and national security issues at the ITU can trigger more delays and disputes, including possible retaliation by nations displeased with U.S. efforts to subvert traditional technology optimization goals.A worst case scenario has the ITU deadlocked and unable to reach closure on “mission critical” spectrum planning issues at World Radio Conferences, convened every four years. The paper concludes that costs and likely challenges to the efficacy and legitimacy of the ITU will reduce the benefits accruing from the FCC's unilateral, spectrum planning campaign.     

The role of accelerators in firm survival: An fsQCA analysis of Italian startups

Accelerators are a recent yet rapidly growing phenomenon within entrepreneurial ecosystems. The distinctive characteristics exhibited by accelerators, relative to previous incubation models, imply that accelerators may play a different role and have a different impact on the survival rates of participating firms. In this study, we explore the relationship between participation in an accelerator program and firm survival using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with key variables related to firm survival. We analyze 38 accelerated startups from five Italian accelerators and a control group of 38 non-accelerated Italian startups. Our findings support the business accelerator literature that regards accelerators as a new and distinct generation of business incubators. Our results suggest that participation in accelerator programs on its own does not influence firm survival. However, we found a relationship between firm survival and accelerated technology-based firms that do not export and between firm survival and accelerated firms in the service sector with a small team that do not export. We conclude that factors affecting the survival of accelerated firms are different from factors affecting the survival of incubated firms, providing further evidence of the characteristics that distinguish accelerators from incubators.     

Can everyone benefit from innovation?

This paper investigates whether there is an allocation rule for which innovation never hurts anyone. Existing studies provide possibility characterizations together with efficiency and a natural participation constraint, assuming the domain of one input good and one output good in which nobody prefers to consume more of the input good than what she has. We show that this possibility result does not survive and we lead to impossibility either when (i) somebody wants to consume the input good more than what she has; or when (ii) there are multiple input goods.     

科协系统开展代表履职培训的实践与思考

中国科协全国代表大会代表是中国科协联系凝聚广大科技工作者的重要纽带，通过培训提高代表履职能力和履职实效，是充分发挥代表作用、更好地服务科技工作者的一项基础性、长期性工作，已经成为科协系统联络服务代表工作的一项重要内容。本文系统总结了中国科协和地方科协开展的代表履职培训工作的基本情况，分析了培训特点、培训方式和存在的不足，在此基础上，提出科协系统加强代表履职培训的对策建议。     

价值链视角下科技人才分布对区域创新系统效率的影响

科技人才作为科技创新的主体，是区域创新系统的重要投入，其省际分布状况潜在影响着各区域创新效率。基于2009-2016年我国内地30个省级区域科技人才与研发面板数据，在创新价值链分解的基础上，分别考察科技人才数量与结构维度对区域创新系统三阶段效率的影响。结果发现：在数量维度下，科技人才分布规模对区域知识创新效率、专利创新效率有非线性倒U型影响，先后从人才聚集规模经济效应转向不经济效应;整体集中度提高即全国科技人才分布相对集中有助于提升各地区专利创新与产品创新效率;在结构维度下，科技人才队伍中女性与博士研发人员越来越高的比重对知识创新效率表现为负向影响作用。最后，结合新旧动能转换背景,提出积极发挥人才集聚正向效应的建议。inno[]rlzb[]rlzb[]czpz[]czpz[]cyjg[]cyjg[]dwkf[]dwkf〖BHDG1*3,WK7*3ZQ,WK6。9DWW〗     

历史制度主义视野下我国科技人才政策战略转型与变革逻辑

改革开放以来，我国科技人才政策历经恢复调整、初步确立、转型完善、深化改革到全面建设等5个发展阶段。基于历史制度主义分析范式，探究我国科技人才政策变革逻辑与动力机制。结果显示，路径依赖是我国科技人才政策保持结构稳定性与内在连贯性的基本阐释工具，体现在回报递增效应、多主体协作效应和制度场域自我强化等方面；关键节点在政治逻辑作用下成为科技人才政策变革的原始驱动力，其本质是在保证政治属性不变的前提下建构以绩效为核心的强制性制度变迁。进一步，在借鉴发达国家成熟经验的基础上，构建以“缓冲器”式中介组织为核心的行政认同、市场协调和学术本位之间的合理张力，进而推进利益相关者群体利益协调与整合机制成为我国科技人才政策不断自我革新的有效治理路径。